C. Fire Protection, Storm Water
- STANDPIPES & HOSES with separate water reserve or up feed pumping is extremely valuable in any building but become highly essential in tall buildings. This system, is intended for use by building personnel until the fire engines arrive and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department.
- Automatic SPRINKLER systems consist of horizontal patterns of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial buildings, warehouses, stores, theatres, and other structures where the fire hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so constructed that temperatures of 55-70 degrees Celsius will cause them to open automatically and emit a series of time water sprays.
- WET PIPE SYSTEM. A system of sprinklers with its pipes constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes.
- DRY PIPE SYSTEM. Generally confined to unheated buildings, there is no water in the distribution pipes except during a fire. Remote valves may be adequate for sensitive elements to admit water to sprinkler heads.
- SIAMESE TWIN. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground level, having two openings so that fire engines can pump water to the dry standpipes and sprinkler system of
the building. - Sprinkler heads are the ‘quartzoid’ bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid. At 360 degrees Fahrenheit, the bulb breaks and releases a water stream. One is called UPRIGHT when used above piping when piping is exposed but when it is hidden inside ceilings that show only the bulb it is called PENDENT.
- The portion of the plumbing system which conveys rainwater to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public STORM DRAIN system
and carried to some drainage terminals such as lakes or rivers. - PERFORATED PIPE. When the soil is not permeable, and it touches a concrete or hollow block wall of a basement, rainwater will seep on it and may flood. The gravel is placed
all around this wall 0.30m wide and about 0.30m below the basement floor rainwater from the gravel towards the drainage terminal.
D. Sanitary Drainage Systems
- BLACK WATER. Water plus human waste, solid and liquid, urine that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.
- SOIL STACK PIPE. A vertical soil pipe containing fecal matter and liquid waste.
- WASTE PIPES. A pipe that conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter.
- VENT. A pipe or opening is used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals.
- CLEANOUT FERRULE. A metallic sleeve calked (to fill the gaps, to seal or to waterproof) or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.
- TRAP. A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, and gas and materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
- HOUSE DRAIN. The part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a slope of at least ¼” to a foot or 6mm for every 300mmor 2%.
- UNDERGROUND PIT (why not sump pits). A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
- SHAFT. A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, and others.
- SLEEVE. Sheet metal is placed when concrete is poured to accommodate plumping pipes (through the hole made).
- CAULKING. Lugging an opening around pipe joints with oakum (hemp soaked with oil) lead or other materials like the epoxy adhesive on vinyl that are pounded in place.
- GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING. All horizontal piping shall run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% and shall be supported or anchored at
intervals not exceeding 3.00M length (10 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and all pipes are rigidly hundred (100 inches) in length. - GREASE TRAP. This kind of trap must be installed wherever oily, lard-contained wastes from hotels, restaurants, clubhouses, or similar public eating places are discharged into the sewer or septic vault. Sand traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fixture from which it receives the discharge and shall have an air-tight cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning.
- TRAP SEAL. This is the vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir (an embankment or levee) built to hold water in its course or divert it to a new course of a p-trap. Also, it is the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir to prevent unpleasant and odorous gases to enter the room through the fixtures.
- SIPHONAGE. The result of a minus pressure in the drainage system. (Pressure is a force required to move gas or liquid) when a large amount of the trap (seal) is absolutely discharged. When the seal is lost, the backflow of gases from the sewer line will pass into the trap, finds its way to the fixture drain outlet, and spread into the room.
- Upon the completion of the entire water distribution system including connections to apprentices, devices, tanks, or fixtures, it shall be tested and inspected by means of WATER & AIR TEST.
Free Plumbing Review Guide 2022 (Part 2)
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